LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit
XIV: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century (497-504)
Flying
Shuttle (1733), Spinning Jenny (1764),
Spinning Mule (1779), Power
Loom (1784)
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1. In what ways did industrialization change
European society?
2. In what ways was the Industrial Revolution
revolutionary?
3. What social factors came into play to establish
the markets for consumer goods which fueled
the Industrial Revolution?
4. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution
establish standards of national prosperity for?
5. In addition to the reasons cited in your notes
from WH9H, what other factors account for the
Industrial Revolution beginning in Great Britain?
6. Describe the domestic, or putting-out, system of
textile manufacturing which permeated rural
areas in pre-industrial Europe.
Why, ultimately did the domestic system fail to meet the
demands of the British textile
industry?
7. How did Richard Arkwright's invention of the Water Frame in 1769 change
the textile
manufacturing process?
8. How did James Watt's perfection of the steam engine in 1776 alter
not only the process of
industrialization but also European social history?
9. How did the steam engine contribute to changes
in European labor trends? List the
many
applications for which steam engines were being utilized by the early
19th century.
10. Why was the manufacture of high-quality iron
basic to modern industrial development?
In
the early years of the Industrial
Revolution, what factors held back the production of steel?
How were these problems resolved?
PEOPLE:
John Kay James Hargreaves Richard Arkwright
Samuel Crompton Edmund Cartwright Thomas Newcomen
James
Watt Matthew Boulton Henry Cort
IMAGES:
The Spinning Jenny The
Newcomen Engine
Urbanization and the Growth of Cities (504-510 and
702-704)
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1. Geographically, how did patterns of urbanization change in
Europe between 1500-1800?
2. Between 1600 and 1750, which types of cities
were most likely to experience vigorous
growth? What did this
growth reflect? What types of
urban centers declined, and why?
3. After 1750, what factors account for the
emergence of new cities, as well as the exceptional
growth of many smaller, pre-existing cities?
4. Describe life for Europe's urban poor of the
18th and 19th centuries. In what
ways was
poverty more visible in the cities than the countryside?
5. What social roles were played by the urban upper
classes of the 18th and 19th centuries?
6. Who typically made up the urban
middle-class? In what ways did the
urban middle-class
foster the revolution in consumption which fueled the Industrial
Revolution?
7. Describe the relationship, in general terms,
between the European middle-class and the
aristocracy of the pre-French Revolution 18th century? When tensions did arise between
these two groups, around what issues did their debates revolve?
8. Why did the middle-class typically fear the
urban lower classes?
9. Who typically made up the urban artisan
class? Why was their economic
position
particularly vulnerable?
What role did the guilds play in the lives of 18th century urban
artisans?
10. What were the typical causes of urban riots in
18th century Europe? How did these
causes
begin to change by the end of the century?
11. In what ways were European Jews forced to maintain a
separate existence from the
mainstream of European society well into
the 18th century? In what ways
were European
Jews discriminated against?
12. What is a policed society? What is the key feature of the theory
of a policed society? How
did societal attitudes toward organized
police forces change over the course of the 19th
century?
13. What types of punishments were utilized by
European nation-states during the 18th
century? What were the goals of 19th century prison reform
movements? In what ways did
such movements actually reform Europe's
prison systems?
European Society in the Industrial Era (690-701)
English Factory Act of 1833
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1. In what ways did Great Britain's position as a
global power contribute to it becoming the
world's industrial leader?
2. In addition to Great Britain, which other
Western European nation-states were emerging as
industrial leaders by the 1830s?
3. In what ways did increasing urban migration put
considerable pressure on the physical
resources of Europe's cities?
4. What factors account for the much slower pace of
industrialization in Eastern Europe?
5. Describe the effects of the Irish Potato Famine
of 1845-1847.
6. Describe the socio-economic impact on Europe of
improvements in transportation
(railroads, canals, and
improved roads) during the Industrial Revolution.
7. What was "proletarianization"? How did the process of
proletarianization lead to changes
in working condition for the typical European laborer? How did the impact of this process
differ between factory workers and urban artisans?
8. What is confection, and how did its practice
increase the division of labor in the workshop
of the European artisan?
9. What were the "Six Points,"
or demands, sought by the mid-19th century British working-
class political reform movement known as Chartism? Identify three spedific reason for why,
ultimately, did the Chartist movement failed?
10. How did the mechanization of the textile
industry and the emergence of the factory system
impact family life of the European
working-class?
11. For what reasons did women and children, over
time, become the preferred source of labor
of the European factory owner? Why, eventually, did concern begin to
grow regarding the
use of child-laborers in industrial factories and related businesses?
12. In what ways did the industrial economy create
social expectations for the working-class
which imitated the view of separate gender
spheres set forth by Rousseau?
13. What was the paradox identified by Kagan in the
impact of the factory on women?
Explain
why this was so.
14. Why, almost always, were the women who worked
in factories young single women or
widows? For what reasons did many factory owners favor such women
over married women
for factory work?
15. In Britain and elsewhere by the mid-19th
century, industrial factory work still accounted
for less than half of
all employment for women. In what
other areas did most European
women find work?
16. How did movement to cities and entrance into
the wage economy give women wider
opportunities for marriage? Why did such mobility lead to an
increase in the rate of
illegitimate births?
17. Why, within the wage economy of the Industrial
Revolution, did the birth rate within
marriage increase? Under what circumstances were married
women most likely to work
outside the home?
PEOPLE:
Population Trends and the Second Industrial Revolution (762-765)
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1. What was the major fact of European
economic and political life at the turn of the 20th
century? Why?
2. How did the "First" Industrial
Revolution contrast with the "Second"
Industrial Revolution?
3. In what ways did the development of the chemical
industry in the second half of the 19th
century mark the beginning of a direct link between science and
industrial development?
4. Why is the application of electrical energy to
production considered to have been the most
significant change for industry and eventually for everyday life of the
Second Industrial
Revolution?
5. What impact would the economic crises of the
last quarter of the 19th century - starting with
the bank failures of 1873
- have on industrial growth in Europe?
How was Europe, by the
end of the 19th century, able to pull itself out of this period of
economic stagnation?
PEOPLE:
Henry Bessemer Gottlieb Daimler
The Urban Middle and Working Classes (765-772)
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1. Why, after 1848, did the middle-class cease to
be a revolutionary group?
2. Identify each of the three levels within the
19th century European middle-class. Describe the
tensions and social anxieties which marked relations among these various
middle-class
groups.
3.
Describe the many problems often faced by rural migrants to the new industrial
urban
centers of the Industrial Revolution.
4. Why did urban migration force many
municipalities to initiate programs of urban planning?
5. Why did the government of Napoleon III initiate
a program to redesign the city of Paris? In
what ways was the redesign of Paris motivated by the political concerns
of the French
government?
6. Which two structures in Paris came to symbolize
the social and political divisions between
liberals and conservatives in the government of France's Third Republic? Why was each of
these two structures built?
7. What factors led to the migration of the urban
middle and working classes from the city
centers to the newly developing suburbs surrounding the city proper?
8. What factors led the mid-19th century drive to
publicize the dangers posed by the unsanitary
conditions associated with overcrowding - dangers such as cholera? What was done to
address these concerns?
9. In what ways did Britain's Public Health Act of
1848, and France's Melun Act of 1851,
allow these two governments to
expand their powers in an effort to address public health
concerns?
10. How did the revolutions
of 1848 encourage middle-class reformers to seek housing reform
to solve the medical, moral, and political
dangers posed by urban slums?
11. What are "middle-class values"? Which "middle-class values"
did advocates of housing
reform hope would be imparted on the
working-class? What was the
primary goal of
housing reform?
PEOPLE:
(Louis) Napoleon III Louis Pasteur Robert Koch
IMAGES:
Eiffel
Tower Basilica of
the Sacrˇ CĻur
Late-Nineteenth-Century WomenÕs Experiences (765-772)
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
1.
Create a T-diagram. On the
left, list the various ways by which women in the mid-nineteenth century
faced social and legal disabilities in
regards to property rights. On the
right, list the reforms that were
carried out to improve womenÕs property rights.
2. List
the various ways by which women in the mid-nineteenth century faced social and
legal disabilities
in regards to family law.
3.
List the many barriers faced by mid-nineteenth century women which
limited their access to education.
4.
List the many ways women benefited from the large-scale expansion in the
variety of jobs available to
them during the time period of the Second
Industrial Revolution.
5.
List the reasons why many women withdrew from the labor force during the
period of the Second
Industrial Revolution.
6. Why
were working-class European women of the nineteenth-century particularly
vulnerable to being
exploited when working outside the home?
7.
What were the chief reasons why every major late-nineteenth century European
city had thousands of
prostitutes?
8. In
what ways did the typical European middle-class woman of the nineteenth-century
differ from the
typical working-class woman of the same period?
9.
What was meant by the expression, Ņthe cult of domesticity?Ó In what ways does it describe the
typical experience of middle-class European women of the
nineteenth-century?
10.
Describe the religious and charitable duties of nineteenth-century
middle-class European women.
11.
For what reasons did many European middle-class couples consciously
decide to limit their family
size during the nineteenth-century?