LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit XII: THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS (1562-1648)
The French Wars of Religion (390-397)
January Edict, Conspiracy
of Amboise, Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye,
St.
Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Catholic
League, Peace of Beaulieu,
LITERATURE: *not in
flash-cards
*Contra
libellum Calvini by Sebastian
Castellio
First
Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women by John Knox
*Franco-Gallia by Fran¨ois Hotman
*On
the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects by Theodore Beza
*Defense
of Liberty Against Tyrants by
Philippe du Plessis Mornay
GUIDED
READING QUESTIONS:
- Between
the first and second halves of the 16th century, how did the nature of
religious
conflict change in Europe?
- How
did the Calvinist and Roman Catholic churches differ in terms of their internal
organization, reconciliation with
political doctrines, and influence on art?
- What
defined a politique, and
who was the best example of such?
Identify some examples of
the opposite, and describe what made
them so?
- In
general terms, what defined the wars of religion?
- Why
did the Battle of Pavia provide the motive for the first wave of Huguenot persecution in
France?
- Following
the death of France's king Henry II, three powerful families would compete to
increase their political influence with
his young successor, Francis II.
Identify: 1) the three
families, 2) which of the three was
most influential and why, and 3) the Christian allegiance
of each of the three.
- Why
was Calvinism appealing to both ambitious aristocrats and discontented
townspeople?
- By
the early 1560s, why was Catherine de Mˇdicis seeking allies among the
Huguenots of
France?
- What
event marked the beginning of the French wars of religion,
and why did it turn the
French monarchy - against their deepest
wishes - against their Protestant allies?
-
Why was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre greeted with rejoicing by some
Catholics, yet
alarm
by others?
- How did the Bourbon Huguenot,
Henry of Navarre, acquire the French throne, how did his
actions make him a politique, and what did he mean when he said,
"Paris is worth a mass?"
PEOPLE:
King Henry II Catherine de Mˇdicis King Francis II
Francis, Duke of
Guise Louis I,
Prince of Condˇ Admiral Gaspard de
Coligny
King Charles IX King Henry III King Henry IV of Navarre
Spain and the Dutch Revolt (397-402)
El
Escorial, the Holy
League, Dutch Revolt (Eighty-Years'
War), Compromise of 1564,
Council
of Troubles (Council of Blood), the Sea Beggars, Spanish Fury,
Pacification of Ghent,
Union of Brussels, Perpetual Edict, Union
of Arras,
Union
of Utrecht, Apology
GUIDED
READING QUESTIONS:
- How
did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V divide his empire before his death?
- What
impact would the import of New World riches and increased population have on
European, and especially Spanish,
society?
- What
was the goal of Spanish policy in the Netherlands, and what was Cardinal
Granvelle's
plan for achieving this goal?
- Describe
a typical 16th century Dutch merchant town, such as Antwerp.
- Which
part of the Netherlands became the base for William of Orange's movement for
the
independence of the Netherlands?
- How
was the Pacification of Ghent similar to the Peace of Augsburg?
- Following
the Perpetual Edict, Spanish efforts to reconquer the Netherlands continued
into
the 1580s, yet Spain was unable to do
so because it found itself largely overextended in its
involvement in the affairs of Britain
and France. How did Spain's
overextension help the
Dutch solidify their independence?
PEOPLE:
King Philip II of Spain Margaret of Parma Cardinal
Granvelle
Lamoral,
Count of Egmont William "the
Silent" of Orange The
Duke of Alba
Don John of Austria The
Duke of Alen¨on
The Elizabethan Age
(403-407)
Marian Exiles, Elizabethan
Religious Settlement, Act of Supremacy of
1559,
Act of Uniformity of
1559, Congregationalism,
Conventicle Act of 1593,
Interactive Map of
the Spanish Armada
GUIDED
READING QUESTIONS:
- Describe
the Elizabethan religious settlement.
Which aspects of Catholicism and
Protestantism did she merge together
into the resulting Anglican Church?
- What
did English Catholic extremists do in opposition to the reign of Elizabeth
I? What was
their ultimate goal?
- Who
were the Puritans, what were their grievances, and how did Elizabeth I deal
with them?
- In
what ways did the Dutch Revolt against Spain contribute to a deterioration of
relations
between Philip II's Spain and Elizabeth
I's England?
- How
had Scotland changed during the time Mary Stuart was away in France?
- Why
did Elizabeth I despise John Knox, yet, why did she also find reason to
tolerate him?
- Why
was Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots forced to abdicate and flee to the protection
of
Elizabeth I, and why was here presence
in England a source of constant discomfort for
Elizabeth I?
- Why
was Elizabeth I reluctant to order the execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of
Scots? How
did Pope Sixtus V and Philip II react
to Mary's death?
- What
impact would England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 have on the
Protestant
movement, on continental power
politics, and on European imperial competition in the
Americas?
PEOPLE:
Lady Jane Grey Queen Mary I (Tudor) Queen Elizabeth I
Sir William Cecil Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Sir Francis Drake
ART:
The
Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul
Delaroche
The Thirty Years' War (407-413)
Catholic
League, Protestant Union, Defenestration of
Prague(1618),
Edict of Restitution
(1629), Battle of
Breitenfeld (1630), Peace of Prague (1635),
Peace
of Westphalia(1648)
GUIDED
READING QUESTIONS:
- What
made the Thirty
Years' War so devastating?
- Describe
how each of the following preconditions for war contributed to the outbreak of
the
Thirty Years' War in Germany (the Holy
Roman Empire) in 1618:
*
the political fragmentation of Germany
*
Germany's central geographic location
*
the impact of the Counter-Reformation
*
the religious division of Germany
- In
what ways did the presence of Calvinism within the Palatinate challenge the
Peace of
Augsburg and the position of Lutherans
within the empire?
- What
role would staunchly Catholic Bavaria
play in opposing Protestantism within the Holy
Roman Empire in the decades prior to
the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War?
- Provide
a brief summary of each of the four periods of the Thirty Years' War. (Don't get
bogged-down in the details - what was
the general train of events?)
- Why
did the French and the Dutch, bystanders for most of the war, bankroll the
armies of
Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus?
PEOPLE:
Maximilian,
Duke of Bavaria H.R.E. Ferdinand II Christian IV of
Denmark
Albrecht of
Wallenstein Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden Cardinal Richelieu