LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit XVI: THE AGE OF NATION-STATES (1853-1914)
The Crimean War & Ottoman Reform
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*The Charge of
the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (732-734)
- Identify the
two disputes which led Russia and the Ottoman Empire to initiate the
Crimean War in 1853. What factors led both Britain and
France to enter the war on the side
of Ottoman Turkey in 1854? Why did Austria and Prussia remain
neutral?
- Defeat in
which battle convinced Russia to seek peace by the end of 1855? What were the
provisions of the Treaty of Paris
of 1856 which brought the Crimean War to its end?
- Why had the
European great powers been willing to go to war in the early 1850s and, in the
process, destroy the Concert of Europe? Without the restraining influence of
the Concert of
Europe, how did European international
relations change in the decades which followed?
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- In what ways
did Napoleon's invasion of the Ottoman province of Egypt encourage reform
in the Ottoman Empire?
- In what ways
did Britain and France encourage the Ottomans to enact further reforms at
the conclusion of the Crimean War? Why were the Ottomans willing to
support such
reforms?
- In what ways
did the Ottoman Empire respond to its defeats in the Balkan Wars of the late
1870s? What arguments were made in support of an Ottoman
constitution?
-
Secularization was the underlying them of all of the previously mentioned
Ottoman reforms,
from 1839 to 1914. What does this mean?
PEOPLE:
Italian Unification
(aka "Risorgimento")
Young Italy Society, transformismo
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*The Duties of Man
by Giuseppe Mazzini
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (734-738)
- Why did the
republican nationalism of Mazzini and Garibaldi frighten moderate
Italians?
Instead, who did they look to as a
possible vehicle for Italian
unification? Why was this
impossible after 1849?
- Romantic
republican nationalism did not, in the end, unite the Italian states; rather,
what
method of unification did Cavour use to
achieve a single Italian nation-state?
- Why did
Cavour support the establishment of a unified Italian monarchy on the Italian
peninsula? What did he believe would be needed for Italy to unify?
- Why did
Cavour bring Piedmont into the Crimean War in 1855? What was he able to
achieve at the Paris conference which
followed the war? What would he
himself come to
represent?
- Describe the
agreement made by Cavour and Napoleon III at Plombires in July, 1858. Why,
after their plan was already underway,
did Napoleon III abandon the agreement?
Nonetheless, what did Piedmont's 1859
war with Austria achieve?
- How did
Garibaldi's romantic republican nationalism force Cavour to pursue the complete
unification of Italy? Why did Garibaldi ultimately come to
accept the Piedmontese
domination of Italy?
- What
resentments did Italian republicans, clerics, and Southern Italians bring into
the new
Italian nation-state? Why were the economies of northern and
southern Italy incompatible?
- How were
Venetia (Venice) and Rome joined to the newly unified Italian
nation-state? Why,
from 1870 to 1929, was the papacy
hostile to the Italian state?
- What was the Italia irredenta, and
why did hostility remain in relations between Austria and
Italy following the
"completion" of Italian unification in 1870?
PEOPLE:
Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Count Camillo Cavour
IMAGES:
Italian Unification Map
German Unification
Grossdeutschland, Kleindeutschland
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (738-742)
- Who was most
responsible for the achievement of German
unification and the establishment
of Germany's Second Reich? In what way was its achievement -
sought after by two
generations by German liberals - the
result of the most illiberal of reasons?
- Why did the
Prussian Parliament refuse King Wilhelm I's request in 1860 for taxes to
strengthen the Prussian army?
- What did
Bismarck mean when he said, "The great questions of the day will not be
decided by
speeches and majority decisions - that
was the mistake of 1848-1849 - but by iron and
blood"?
- In what ways
did Bismarck act as a conservative as Chancellor of
Prussia?
- What version
of German unification was pursued by Bismarck? Why?
- What was the
"Schleswig-Holstein problem"?
What resulted from the Danish-Prussian War
of 1864 and the Convention of Gastein
(1865) which followed?
- How did
Bismarck provoke war with Austria in 1866? What resulted from the
Austro-Prussian War
(aka the "Seven Weeks' War" or the "German Civil War") and
the
Treaty of Prague which followed?
- What was the North German
Confederation? How were the
executive and legislative
branches of its government
organized? What kind of government
did the constitution of the
confederation create?
- What impact
would Bismarck's policies have on German liberalism? How was this achieved?
- How did
Bismarck use events in Spain to provoke France into declaring war on
Prussia?
What role did the Ems Telegram play in
Bismarck's plan?
- What resulted
from the Franco-Prussian
War? How did the war assist in
completing the
process of German unification?
- What were the
long-range effects of German unification on Europe? Which two nation-states
were most immediately affected by
German and Italian unification?
How were they each
affected?
PEOPLE:
King/Kaiser Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck Emperor Napoleon III
IMAGES:
Proclamation of the German
Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles (18 January 1871)
German
Unification Map
France:
From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*J'accuse!
by mile Zola
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (743-746)
- Historians
have traditionally divided the reign of Napoleon III into two periods - the
point of
division being the year 1860. Describe the character of each of these
periods.
- What became
of France as a result of the September, 1870, Battle of Sedan? What were the
settlement conditions of the Treaty of Frankfurt
which ended the Franco-Prussian
War?
- Why was the
municipal government of the Paris
Commune established by the citizens of Paris
in 1871? Why was it seen as a threat by the newly elected National
Assembly, and what did
the National Assembly do to counter
this threat?
- Why was the
Paris Commune greatly admired by European Marxists? In what ways was their
interpretation of the Commune, and of
its goals, mistaken?
- What
ultimately led France's new National Assembly, dominated by monarchists, to
establish
a republican government - the Third Republic? Which groups in France would continue
to
oppose republican government in France?
- Identify the
four major challenges and crises faced by the government of the Third Republic
before the end of the 19th century.
- Describe the Dreyfus Affair. What impact would Zola's newspaper
article, "J'accuse!," have
on the affair? What impact would the Dreyfus Affair
have on French society and politics?
PEOPLE:
Gen. Georges Boulanger Capt. Alfred Dreyfus mile Zola
IMAGES:
The
breaking of Captain Dreyfus' sword.
The Habsburg Empire and the Dual Monarchy
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (746-749)
- Describe the
characteristics of the domestic system of "neo-absolutism" imposed on
the
Austrian Empire by Emperor Franz Josef
in the wake of the revolutions of 1848.
- What impact
would Austrian neutrality in the Crimean War have on Austria's international
relations? What events of 1859 confirmed the necessity for a new
domestic policy for
Austria?
- Why did the
Magyar nobility reject both the October Diploma of 1860
and the
February Patent of 1861?
- What
circumstances finally compelled Emperor Franz Josef to come to terms with the
empire's
Magyar population? What did the Ausgleich, or Compromise, of
1867 create, and how did it
transform the structure of the Habsburg
Empire?
- Why did other
national groups oppose the Compromise of 1867? Describe the policy of
trialism which was favored by the
Czechs. Why was it vetoed by the
Magyars?
- Why did
nationalism within the Habsburg Empire become stronger during the last quarter
of
the 19th century? In what ways did nationalist unrest
within the empire become a major
source of political instability for all
of East Central Europe?
- What were the
attitudes of the Habsburg Empire's German population toward the empire,
Germany, and the empire's non-German
populations?
- In what ways
did issues of nationality affect all three of the great central and eastern
European empires - the German, the
Russian, and the Austrian?
PEOPLE:
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS:
- What was
achieved by the Second
Reform Act (1867)? Why had
Conservatives in Parliament
rejected a reform bill proposed by Lord
Russell's liberal ministry, only to turn around and
introduce their own, more far-reaching
reform bill, shortly thereafter?
- Identify the
various liberal reforms undertaken during the liberal ministry of Prime
Minister
William Gladstone (1868-1874). How did the Education Act of 1870
change the British
education system? What did Gladstone hope to achieve
through his many reform programs?
- How did
Gladstone's opinion of social reform differ from that Britain's next Prime
Minister,
Benjamin Disraeli? Identify the various social reforms
undertaken during the Tory ministry of
Disraeli (1874-1880).
PEOPLE:
