LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit
XVI: MODERN EUROPEAN THOUGHT (1882-1914)
The Rise of Political Feminism
National Union of
Women's Suffrage Societies, Women's
Social and Political Union,
suffragettes, The Contagious
Diseases Act
LITERATURE
(* Not in Flash-Cards)
A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft
The Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill and Harriet
Taylor
*The Century of the Child by Ellen Key
*The Renaissance of Motherhood by Ellen
Key
*A Room of One's Own
by Virginia Woolf
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan (777-780 & 820-824)
- Why did male
liberals fear the granting of suffrage to women?
- Why were some
women reluctant to support the feminist movement?
- How did
liberal society and law provide feminists with their intellectual and
political tools?
- Where was
EuropeÕs most advanced women's movement?
Why was it so?
- How did
Emmeline PankhurstÕs movement different from that of Millicent Fawcett?
- Who were the
suffragettes, and what did they do? How and when were their goals
achieved?
- In what ways
was the British womenÕs movement move advance than that of
Germany and France?
- In what ways
did conservative and hostile perceptions of women manifest themselves
within the European scientific
community?
- Which major
theorists believed that womenÕs role in reproduction and child rearing
demanded a social position inferior to
men?
- What was the
Contagious Diseases Act? Who did
it intend to protect? What were
the act's effects?
- In what ways
did feminists challenge the traditional relationship betwen men and
women in marriage?
- Early
advocates of contraception were influenced by what type of socialism? Why?
- What feminist issues were addressed in Virginia Woolf's
book, A Room of OneÕs Own?
PEOPLE:
John Stuart Mill Millicent Fawcett Emmeline Pankhurst
Hubertine Auclert T. H. Huxley Ellen Key
European Religion at the Turn of the Century
LITERATURE
(* Not in Flash-Cards)
*The
Life of Jesus by David Friedrich Strauss
The
Syllabus of Errors by Pope Pius IX
Rerum
Novarum
by Pope Leo XIII
*The Jewish State by
Theodor Herzl
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan (800-803 & 780-781 & 818-819)
CHRISTIANITY
- What organizational challenges were faced by Europe's
Christian churches during the 19th
century?
- On what grounds were 19th century intellectual attacks on
Christianity based? How did the
German
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche characterize Christianity?
- 19th century conflict between church and state was
primarily over what issue? How did
the
Education Act
of 1902 expand the reforms of the Education Act of 1870? How did France's
Ferry Laws
alter the role of the French Catholic Church in French public schools?
- What did Bismarck fear which led him to act against the
role of the Church in German public
education? What actions did
Bismarck take against the Church?
Why did Bismarck's
Kulturkampf, or
"cultural struggle," against the Catholic Church fail?
- What did Pope Pius IX seek to achieve in issuing his Syllabus of Errors
in 1864? What was
achieved at
the First Vatican
Council of 1869?
- What was the goal of the corporate society advocated by
Pope Leo XIII in his book, Rerum
Novarum? How did Catholics begin to organize
themselves politically following Leo XIII's
pronouncements?
JUDAISM
- When, where, and under whose leadership
did Jewish emancipation
first occur in Europe?
What restrictions were, still, usually
placed on Jews? Where did the
traditional modes of
prejudice and discrimination against
Jews continue unabated until World War I?
What is a
-
Describe the political and social advances made by European Jews in the decades
following
the
revolutions of 1848. How did life
for Western European Jews differ from that of Eastern
European Jews?
- Why, after so much progress, was there a new, rabid
outbreak of anti-Semitism
in late 19th
century
Europe? Why did some racial
thought of the day suggest that Jews were a danger to
society?
- What were the goals of Zionism, and toward whom was
the movement directed?
PEOPLE:
Friedrich Nietzsche Jules Ferry Otto von Bismarck
Pope Pius IX Pope Leo XIII Theodor Herzl
Literature and Science at the Turn of the Century
LITERATURE
(* Not in Flash-Cards)
*Great
Expectations by Charles Dickens
*Oliver
Twist
by Charles Dickens
A
Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
Madame
Bovary
by Gustave Flaubert
Germinal by mile Zola
A
Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen
Man
and Superman by George Bernard Shaw
*Mrs.
Dalloway
by Virginia Woolf
*To
the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf
*In Search of Time
Past by Marcel Proust
The
Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann
*Dubliners by James Joyce
*A
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce
Ulysses by James Joyce
*Finnegans Wake by
James Joyce
The
Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzsche
Thus Spake Zarathustra by Friedrich
Nietzsche
*Beyond Good
and Evil
by Friedrich Nietzsche
*The Genealogy of
Morals
by Friedrich Nietzsche
The
Positive Philosophy by Auguste Comte
The
Origin of Species by Charles Darwin
The
Descent of Man by Charles Darwin
*The
Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud
*Modern Man in Search of a Soul by Carl
Jung
The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber
*Essay
on the Inequality of the Human Races by Arthur de Gobineau
*Foundations of the Nineteenth Century by
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan (797-799 & 805-806 & 813-818)
- Which areas of Europe were most successful in combating
illiteracy during the 19th century?
Which regions
were least successful?
- What was most responsible for the generation of a society
learned in the basic skills of
reading,
writing, and elementary arithmetic?
Why was such minimal training regarded as
necessary?
- What factors permitted the popularization of knowledge
which has become a hallmark of the
contemporary
world?
- Describe the basic features of the Realism movement in 19th
century literature. Compare
the basic
themes portrayed by the earlier generation of realist writers with those
portrayed by
the major
figures of late-19th century realism.
Identify the realist writers of the 19th century.
- Describe the basic features of the Modernism movement in 19th
century literature, art, and
music. Identify artists who contributed to
each discipline.
- Who belonged to the Bloomsbury Group? What beliefs did they share?
- Describe the "stream of
consciousness" format of writing utilized by the French modernist
Marcel Proust.
- What contributions did James Joyce make to literature in
general in his 1922 novel, Ulysses?
- Why was Modernism - which began in the pre-World War I
period - able to flourish in the
post-World War
I era? Why were readers of
Modernist novels no longer shocked by their
content
following the war?
- What aspects of 19th century society were attacked in the
writings of the German philosopher
Friedrich
Nietzsche? Describe Nietzsche's
concept of the bermensch,
or superman? How
might someone
such as Adolf Hitler utilize such a concept?
- Describe Nietzsche's opinion toward morality in human
society.
-------------------
- Describe the
three states of human intellectual development that made up Auguste Comte's
philosophy of Positivism. What state had physical science entered
by Comte's time, and how
did he expect society to be affected?
- Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. How did the genetic discoveries of
Gregor
Mendel support
Darwin's theory? How did Darwin's
concept of a world in a constant state of
flux and
change influence late 19th century societal attitudes?
- In what ways did Darwinism challenge the
existence and role of God in the universe?
- Describe Herbert Spencer's concept of evolutionary ethics,
or "Social
Darwinism." Over time,
what were
Spencer's theories used to justify?
How did T.H. Huxley counter the thinking of
Spencer?
- Identify, and briefly describe, the scientific discoveries
of each of the following:
Wilhelm
Roentgen, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and Werner Heisenberg.
- Why did scientists, from the late 19th century onward,
become the most successful group of
Western
intellectuals in gaining the financial support of governments and private
institutions
for the
pursuit of their research?
- What techniques and practices did Freud adopt in
developing the science of psychoanalysis?
- Describe Freud's theory of infantile sexuality, as well as
his conclusions regarding the
purpose and
character of dreams.
- Describe Freud's new model of the internal organization of
the human mind, identifying the
id, the ego, and the
superego.
- In what ways did the theories and beliefs of Carl Jung,
previously a student of Freud, differ
from those of
his teacher?
- What did Weber regard as the basic feature of modern social
life? Describe Weber's
theory. What example did Weber use to argue
that non-economic factors might account for
major
developments in human history - in direct opposition to the theories of Karl
Marx?
- Based on what "evidence" was the existence of an
ancient Aryan race
postulated in the late
18th century?
- What did Gobineau blame for the troubles Western
civilization faced in the 19th century?
Why was he
deeply pessimistic about the future?
- How were the racial theories of Chamberlain more
optimistic than those of Gobineau?
- Describe the new nationalism which developed
in Europe from the 1870s onward.
During
which two
periods of European history would this new nationalism prove to be the most
powerful
ideology of the time?
PEOPLE:
Charles Dickens Honor de Balzac George Eliot
(Mary
Ann Evans)
Gustave Flaubert mile Zola Henrik Ibsen
George Bernard Shaw Virginia Woolf Marcel Proust
Thomas Mann James Joyce Friedrich Nietzsche
Auguste Comte Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel
Herbert Spencer T. H. Huxley Wilhelm Roentgen
Max Planck Albert Einstein Werner Heisenberg
Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Max Weber
Arthur de Gobineau Houston Stewart
Chamberlain
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to 1914
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*Reflections on Violence by Georges Sorel
Evolutionary Socialism by Eduard Bernstein
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan (781-785)
- In what ways did industrial expansion alter the European
labor force?
- When were trade unions in Great
Britain, France, and Germany first afforded legal
recognition? What were the
goals of trade unionism? Who most
opposed the unions? What
did the unions
represent for European workers?
- In what years did most of the major industrial European
nation-states adopt universal male
suffrage? How did this broadening of the
franchise influence European politics?
- What function was served by the organization of mass
political parties?
- Why was socialism as a political ideology opposed to
nationalism?
- What did Karl Marx support with regards to reform in his
1864 inaugural address to the
International
Working Men's Association - aka the First International? How did this
contradict
what he and Engels had written sixteen years before in the Communist
Manifesto?
Why had his
opinion changed?
- Even though the First International was short-lived,
surviving only twelve years, in what ways
did it impact
the European socialist movement?
How did it make Marxism attractive?
- Why did Marxism, or any other form of socialism, fail to
make significant progress in Great
Britain? Why did Britain's Trades Union Congress
launch the Labour
Party in 1901?
- What was the Fabian Society, and what
did its name represent? What did
its members
believe, what
did they seek, and in what were they especially interested?
- What impact would the Parliament Act of 1911
have on the distribution of power within the
British
Parliament? How did this shift
political power in British society?
How would the
role of the
state in British society begin to change?
- In France, who led the two major factions of French
socialism? How did the opinions of
these two
factions toward established government differ?
- What was opportunism? What impact would its rejection by the Amsterdam Congress of
the
Second
International have on the French socialist movement?
- What was Syndicalism? How did its followers intend to improve
industrial working
conditions?
- Describe the character of Germany's Social Democratic Party - the
SPD. Why and how was
the SPD
suppressed under Bismarck?
- When simple repression failed to isolate German workers
from socialist loyalties, how did
Bismarck
respond? What did his programs
come to represent? How did his
programs make
Germany unique
among European nation-states?
- After forcing Bismarck's resignation, why did Germany's
Kaiser Wilhelm II allow Bismarck's
anti-socialist
legislation to expire? Describe
the response of the SPD to this change in
government
policy as expressed in the Erfurt Program of 1891.
- Why was the socialist "revisionism" of Eduard
Bernstein" regarded by Marxists as "socialist
heresy"? What aspects
of orthodox Marxism did Bernstein challenge?
- Why did German socialists reject Bernstein's
revisionism? In what ways did the
actions of the
SPD actually
pursue a course similar to that advocated by Bernstein?
PEOPLE:
Keir Hardie Sidney and Beatrice Webb Jean Jaurs
Jules Guesde Georges Sorel Ferdinand Lasalle
Otto von Bismarck Kaiser Wilhelm II Karl Kautsky
