LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit XVI: THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY -
AN AGE OF ISMS
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (658-662)
- Define the
modern political concept of nationalism.
- What specific
elements of the Vienna settlement (1815) were challenged by 19th century
European nationalists? Describe the opposing nationalistic
concept of "popular sovereignty."
- In what ways
did the print culture and public education contribute to linguistic uniformity
in
European nations during the 19th
century? How did such linguistic
uniformity contribute to
the spread of nationalistic sentiments?
- Briefly
describe the various arguments and metaphors used by European nationalists to
express their meaning of the concept of
"nationhood."
- Identify the
six major areas of Europe, and the specific national groups within each, that
challenged the political status quo
during the 19th century.
- How did 19th
century European conservatives view the concept of political liberalism?
- What was the
historical foundation from which 19th century liberals derived their political
ideas? What were the typical political goals of 19th century
European liberals?
- Why were 19th
century European conservatives typically suspicious of written constitutions?
- Who was most
likely to have been a liberal in 19th century Europe?
- Although
liberals wanted broader political participation, why did they not advocate
democracy?
- What were the
typical economic goals of 19th century European liberals?
- How did the
varied social and political circumstances of European countries lead to
differences in the specific programs of
reform supported by liberals in Great Britain, France,
and the German-speaking states?
- Why did most
German liberals favor a united Germany, and who did they look to as the
instrument of unification?
- Identify
three ways in which the ideals of 19th century nationalism and liberalism were
directly opposed to one another. In what way were the ideals of
nationalism and liberalism
compatible?
Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
Coercion Act of 1817, Cato Street
Conspiracy
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (662-669)
- What were the
three major pillars of 19th century conservatism which established the alliance
of "throne, land, and
altar"? Why did these groups,
which had frequently engaged in conflict
during the 18th century, find reason to
cooperate in the 19th?
- Why did each
of the three pillars of 19th century conservatism feel that genuinely
representative government could not be
trusted in any form?
- How did
Europe's entry into an era of peace following the Napoleonic Wars (1815)
confront
the nation-states of Europe with new
pressures and demands of their citizenry?
- Why were
programs of liberalism and nationalism potentially more dangerous to Austria
than
to any other European nation-state?
- Why was
Austria determined to prevent the newly formed German Confederation
from
evolving into a new, constitutional,
German national state?
- Why did
Prussian King Frederick William III renege on his promise to establish some
sort of
constitutional government in Prussia?
- What incident
in 1819 provided Metternich with the opportunity to suppress the
Burschenschaften and other
potential institutions of liberalism within the Austrian dominated
German Confederation? Describe the Carlsbad Decrees,
which were undertaken by
Metternich to achieve this.
- Following the
final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what actions were undertaken by the Tory
ministry of Lord Liverpool to deal with
problems of postwar dislocation and to protect the
interests of the landed and other
wealthy classes?
- As the
policies of Lord Liverpool perpetuated the trend of abandonment by the British
ruling
class of its traditional role of
paternalistic protector of the poor, how did the lower social
orders react? How did the government respond to the response of the poor?
- What was the
reason for the demonstration, held in the industrial north of England in August
of 1819, which resulted in the Peterloo Massacre? Describe the Six Acts which were issued
by the British government in response
to the massacre.
- Why did
France's restored Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVIII, agree not to pursue the
restoration of absolutism and instead
become a constitutional monarch?
- Describe the
government of France as established by the Charter - the constitution of the
French restoration. In what ways did it incorporate
achievements of the Revolution?
- Who, in the
months after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo, carried out a White Terror
against former revolutionaries and
supporters of the deposed emperor?
Why?
- Who were the ultraroyalists? How did the government of Louis XVIII
respond to the
assassination of the king's nephew and
son of the Count of Artois - the
Duke of Berri - in
February, 1820?
PEOPLE:
Klemens von Metternich King
Frederick William III Karl Ludwig Sand
Lord Liverpool King Louis XVII King Louis XVIII
Count of Artois Charles Ferdinand
de Bourbon
(King
Charles X in 1824) (Duc
de Berri)
IMAGES:
The
Execution of Karl Ludwig Sand, 20 May 1820. (Mannheim,
Reiss-Museum)
The Conservative International Order
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (670-678)
- What was the Concert of Europe? Who participated in it? What were its goals?
- Why did a
group of army officers rebel against the government of Spain's King Ferdinand
VII
in 1820? What did this Spanish Revolution of 1820 accomplish? How was the revolution
ultimately suppressed in 1823?
- What did NOT
happen in Spain in 1823 proved to be as important for the new post-
Napoleonic international order as what
did happen. What did NOT
happen? How did this
demonstrate that the implementation of
the Congress System of the Vienna settlement was a
resounding success?
- How did
Britain's foreign minister, George Canning, attempt to prevent the politics of
European reaction from being extended
to Spain's colonies in Latin American - and, in the
process, secure British access to Latin
American trade?
- What was
"the Eastern
Question," and what were the major concerns of each of the Great
Powers in relation to this question?
- Why did the
European Great Powers ultimately choose to support the cause of
- In what ways
did the establishment of an independent Serbia
in 1830 create tensions between
Serbia and its neighbors? Why did the new Serbian nation-state
attract Russia as its formal
protector?
- Describe the
many sources of Creole
discontent with Spanish colonial government in Latin
America. Which specific events in Europe created the imperial
political vacuum throughout
Spanish Latin America which provided
both the opportunity and the necessity for action by
Creole leaders?
- Which parts
of Latin America were liberated by JosŽ de San Mart’n and Sim—n Bol’var?
How did they
differ in terms of the form of political structure they supported for a post-
revolution
Latin America?
- Though the Mexican uprising in New Spain began as a liberal,
even radical, movement, why,
in the end,
did it come to illustrate better than in any other region of Latin American the
socially
conservative outcome of the Latin American colonial revolutions?
- What three factors account for the peaceful transition to
independence for Brazil?
- Following the Latin American wars for independence, why
did Latin American governments
and businesses
look to Britain for protection, for markets, and for capital investment?
PEOPLE:
King Ferdinand VII George Canning Karadjordje of Serbia
Toussaint L'Ouverture JosŽ de San Mart’n Sim—n Bol’var
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (678-685)
- In the wake of Napoleon's defeat, how did many Russian
military officers come to develop
liberal
reformist sympathies? Describe the
organizations which they formed upon returning
home.
- Describe the succession crisis which unfolded in Russia
following the unexpected death of
Czar Alexander
I in 1825? How did the succession
crisis lead to the failed Decembrist Revolt
of 1825? What did the Decembrists hope to
achieve?
- Why did Czar Nicholas I consistently oppose reform in
Russia, including calls for the
abolition of
serfdom?
- Describe the Official Nationality program supported by
Nicholas I in place of reform,
identifying
the role of each of the three pillars of the program: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and
Nationalism."
- What events forced
Nicholas I to issue the Organic Statue of February 1832, and how did it
address the
status of Poland within the Russian Empire?
- How did the beliefs and actions of France's King Charles
X, including his issue of the Four
Ordinances in
July 1830, serve to identify him as an ultraroyalist, conservative monarch?
- Why did the laboring populace of Paris rise in rebellion
against the monarchy of Charles X
in the July Revolution of 1830? What were the results of this
uprising? How had the goals of
the middle and
working classes been different during this revolution?
- In what ways was the "July Monarchy" of
King Louis Philippe more liberal than the
restoration of
government of the Bourbons?
- In what ways did the Revolution of 1830 prove to be
socially conservative? Why did
this
social
conservatism lead to continued turmoil in France, including the "July
Days" in Paris in
1832 - the
uprising written about by Victor Hugo in his novel Les Miserables?
- Why did the Belgian (southern) provinces of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands rise in rebellion
against Dutch
rule? Why did the Great Powers of
the Concert of Europe choose not to
intervene to
reverse the Belgian
revolution? What did the Convention of 1839
guarantee?
- In Great Britain, what three factors contributed to the
spirit of accommodation between the
forces of
conservatism and liberalism?
- Why, in 1800, was Parliament persuaded to pass the Act of Union between
Ireland and
England? What limitation did the Act place on
the political rights of Irish Catholics?
- How did the Irish nationalist Catholic Association, under
the leadership of Daniel O'Connell,
persuade
Parliament to enact the Catholic Emancipation
Act of 1829? What rights did the
Act grant to
Irish Catholics?
- Why did Parliament agree to pass the Catholic Emancipation
Act? Why did its passing
alienate many
Tory supporters of Wellington's
government, and how did it ultimately speed up
the movement
for Parliamentary reform?
- What were the two broad goals for Parliamentary reform of
the Whig ministry of Earl Grey?
In what ways
did the Great Reform Act
(Bill) of 1832 reform British politics? In what ways
were the gains
achieved by the Act, in reality, tempered? Why was the Act, overall, a great
success?
PEOPLE:
Czar Nicholas I King Charles X King Louis
Philippe
King William IV Daniel O'Connell Charles Grey,
2nd Earl Grey
IMAGES:
+ 
+ 
= 
England Scotland Ireland United
Kingdom
Classical Economics
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
The Wealth of
Nations
by Adam Smith
Essay on the
Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus
Principles of
Political Economy by David Ricardo
*Fragment on
Government by Jeremy Bentham
*The Principles of
Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (704-705)
- What did the classical economists
believe a policy of laissez-faire
would achieve? What
economic roles for government were they
willing to accept?
- What was the
basic thesis of Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population? How, did
propose, might disaster be avoided?
- Describe
Ricardo's theory of the Iron
Law of Wages. How would it
support both employers'
reluctance to raise wages and
governments' opposition to labor unions?
- How did the
theories of Classical Economics influence the social and economic policies of
France's "July Monarchy" of
King Louis Philippe?
- Describe the
basic principle behind Bentham's theory of Utilitarianism. In what ways, did he
propose, would the application of the
principle of utility benefit the administration of
government in Europe?
- How did the Poor
Law of 1834, and the Poor Law Commission that it created, attempt "to
make poverty the most undesirable of
all social situations?"
- What was the
purpose of Britain's Corn Laws? Why did the Anti-Corn Law League
actively
seek their repeal? Why did the ministry of Robert Peel
actually decide to repeal the Corn
Laws in 1846?
PEOPLE:
Adam Smith Thomas Malthus David Ricardo
Socialism
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*The Organization
of Labor by Louis Blanc
*What is Property?
by Pierre Joseph Proudhon
*The Conditions of
the Working Class in England by Friedrich Engels
The Communist
Manifesto
by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Das Capital by Karl Marx
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (705-710)
- How did 19th
century socialists view the Industrial Revolution in general? How did they
perceive the capitalist order of
industrialism?
- Why were the Utopian Socialists
considered "utopian?"
Why were they considered to be
"socialists?"
- Describe the
manner by which Saint-Simon believed that modern society should be
managed.
What was to be the end result of this
system of rational management?
- How were the
utopian ideal of Robert Owen shaped by the Enlightenment? What were the
names of the utopian communities he
founded in Scotland and Indiana?
- In what ways
was Fourier's socialist idealism similar to that of Owen? In what ways were
they different?
- How and why
did Louis Blanc attempt to use political reform in an effort to bring about a
transformation of Industrial Age
society?
- What did
Auguste Blanqui's vision of anarchism
hope to achieve through violence and
terrorism?
- How would the
anarchist program of Pierre Joseph Proudhon - known as mutualism - make
the state unnecessary?
- How did 19th
century Marxism differ from
competing socialist theories?
- Why did Marx,
Engels and the Communist
League choose to distinguish themselves as
"communist" rather than
"socialist?"
- What ideas of
Marx and Engels were derived from the theories of German Hegelianism, from
French socialism, and from British
classical economics?
- According to
Marx and Engels, what is history?
Throughout history, what has been the chief
cause of class conflict? How was this class conflict simplified
and sharpened by the Industrial
Revolution?
- Why,
according to Marx and Engels, would the workers begin to foment
revolution? Once
the revolution came, how would society
be organized? Why was the
proletarian revolution
inevitable?
- In what one
major way did the class conflict involved in the contemporary production
process
differ from that of the past?
- Why did Marx
and Engels believe that, in the wake of the proletarian revolution, the
victorious proletariat, by its very nature,
could not be a new oppressor class?
What would be
the ultimate result of the proletarian
victory?
- Why did a
Marxist proletarian revolution fail to materialize in Europe during the 19th
century?
PEOPLE:
Claude
Henri de Saint-Simon Robert Owen Charles Fourier
Louis Blanc Louis Auguste Blanqui Pierre Joseph Proudhon
1848: A Year of
Liberal and Nationalist Revolutions
GUIDED READING
QUESTIONS: Kagan (780-793)
- Create a list
of the many conditions which contributed to the outbreak of revolutions across
the European continent in 1848.
- Why were
European liberals the most dynamic force for change in 1848? Why did liberals
ultimately seek an alliance with the
working classes? How did the goals
and tactics of the
working-class differ from those of the
liberals? What did their alliance
achieve?
- What was
typically the common goal of the European national groups who rose in rebellion
in the Eastern European empires?
- In general
terms, what were the results of the revolutions of 1848? Why did the liberal
movement come to find itself isolated
from the working-classes? How did
this isolation
ultimately doom the liberal movement?
FRANCE
- By 1848, what
grievances had brought French middle-class liberals and the working-class
together in opposition to the regime of
Louis-Philippe?
- If the
revolution which forced Louis-Philippe to abdicate was largely liberal in its
outlook,
why was the new National Assembly of
the Second Republic
- elected in April of 1848 -
dominated by moderates and
conservatives?
- Why did
French voters turn to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in the presidential election of
December, 1848? Why, by 1852, had he abandoned the
republic and seized power as
emperor?
- Describe the
demands of the radical women's groups - such as the Vesuvians - that emerged
in France in the wake of the Revolution
of 1848. How did they use the
social function of the
maternal role for women as a means to
raise the importance of women in society?
Why did
the French feminist movement of 1848
ultimately fail?
THE HABSBURG
EMPIRE
- What were the
demands of the Magyar nationalist Louis Kossuth? How did the Austrian
and Hungarian governments respond to
the Kossuth inspired Vienna Uprising of 1848?
- What liberal
rights were guaranteed to the Magyar people when the Hungarian Diet passed
the March Laws of 1848? Why did Emperor Ferdinand approve the
Diet's actions?
- Why were
non-Hungarian ethnic groups within the Habsburg Empire resistant to Hungarian
attempts to annex the empire's eastern
territories? Why did they fear
magyarization?
- Which ethnic
groups attended the first Pan-Slavic
Congress in Prague in 1848? What
demands were made in the manifesto
produced by the congress? What
vision did the
manifesto create for the future of
Europe's Slavic nations? What happened after the congress?
- In the end,
how was the imperial Habsburg government able to crush, and ultimately survive,
the challenges to its rule presented by
the Hungarian, Czech, and northern Italian rebellions
of 1848?
ITALY
- Why was
Austria's victory in the Piedmont-Austrian war of 1848 a great disappointment
to
Italian nationalists? Who did they turn to next, and why?
- What were the
goals of the Roman
Republic which was proclaimed in February of 1849?
For what two reasons did the French
intervene to crush the Roman Republic?
- Why did the
events surrounding the rise and fall of the Roman Republic lead Pope Pius IX to
renounce his previous liberalism and
become one of the most conservative leaders in Europe?
GERMANY
- What
concessions did popular disturbances in Berlin in 1848 force King Frederick
William
IV to concede? Why, by the following year, had the
king reneged on many of his promises?
- What were the
goals of the Frankfurt
Parliament of 1848? In what
ways did the liberal
character of the parliament alienate
both German conservatives and the German working-
class?
- Two different
proposals for German unification were debated by the Frankfurt Parliament: a
"large German," or
grossdeutsch solution, and a "small German," or kleindeutsch
solution.
Describe each of the two
proposals. Which one was
ultimately favored, and why?
- Why did
Prussian King Frederick William IV reject the crown of a united Germany that
was
offered him by the Frankfurt Parliament
in March, 1849? How did his
rejection of
unification dramatically weaken the
liberal movement within the German states?
PEOPLE:
Alphonse de Lamartine Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Louis Kossuth
(Emperor
Napoleon III)
Emperor Ferdinand I Francis Palacky General Alfred
Windischgraetz
King Charles Albert Emperor Franz Josef Pope Pius IX
Giuseppe Mazzini King Victor Emmanuel II King
Frederick William IV