LOS AMIGOS HIGH SCHOOL
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Unit
XVI: THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY: AN AGE OF ISMS
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(658-662)
- Define the modern political concept of nationalism.
- What specific elements of the Vienna settlement
(1815) were challenged by 19th century
European nationalists?
Describe the opposing nationalistic concept of "popular
sovereignty."
- In what ways did the print culture and public
education contribute to linguistic uniformity in
European nations during the 19th century? How did such linguistic uniformity contribute to
the
spread of nationalistic sentiments?
- Briefly describe the various arguments and
metaphors used by European nationalists to
express their meaning of the concept of "nationhood."
- Identify the six major areas of Europe, and the
specific national groups within each, that
challenged the political status quo during the 19th century.
- How did 19th century European conservatives view
the concept of political liberalism?
- What was the historical foundation from which
19th century liberals derived their political
ideas? What were the
typical political goals of 19th century European liberals?
- Why were 19th century European conservatives
typically suspicious of written constitutions?
- Who was most likely to have been a liberal in 19th
century Europe?
- Although liberals wanted broader political
participation, why did they not advocate
democracy?
- What were the typical economic goals of 19th
century European liberals?
- How did the varied social and political
circumstances of European countries lead to
differences in the specific programs of reform supported by liberals in
Great Britain, France,
and
the German-speaking states?
- Why did most German liberals favor a united
Germany, and who did they look to as the
instrument
of unification?
- Identify three ways in which the ideals of 19th
century nationalism and liberalism were
directly opposed to one another.
In what way were the ideals of nationalism and liberalism
compatible?
Conservative Governments:
The Domestic Political Order
Coercion
Act of 1817, Cato Street
Conspiracy
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(662-669)
- What were the three major pillars of 19th century
conservatism which established the alliance
of
"throne, land, and altar"?
Why did these groups, which had frequently engaged in conflict
during the 18th century, find reason to cooperate in the 19th?
- Why did each of the three pillars of 19th century
conservatism feel that genuinely
representative government could not be trusted in any form?
- How did Europe's entry into an era of peace
following the Napoleonic Wars (1815) confront
the
nation-states of Europe with new pressures and demands of their citizenry?
- Why were programs of liberalism and nationalism
potentially more dangerous to Austria than
to
any other European nation-state?
- Why was Austria determined to prevent the newly
formed German
Confederation from
evolving into a new, constitutional, German national state?
- Why did Prussian King Frederick William III
renege on his promise to establish some sort of
constitutional government in Prussia?
- What incident
in 1819 provided Metternich with the opportunity to suppress the
Burschenschaften and other potential institutions of liberalism
within the Austrian dominated
German Confederation?
Describe the Carlsbad
Decrees, which were undertaken by
Metternich to achieve this.
- Following the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815,
what actions were undertaken by the Tory
ministry
of Lord Liverpool to deal with problems of postwar dislocation and to protect
the
interests of the landed and other wealthy classes?
- As the policies of Lord Liverpool perpetuated the
trend of abandonment by the British ruling
class
of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor, how did the
lower social
orders react? How did the
government respond to the response of the poor?
- What was the reason for the demonstration, held
in the industrial north of England in August
of
1819, which resulted in the Peterloo Massacre? Describe the Six Acts which were issued
by the
British government in response to the massacre.
- Why did France's restored Bourbon monarch, King
Louis XVIII, agree not to pursue the
restoration of absolutism and instead become a constitutional monarch?
- Describe the government of France as established
by the Charter - the constitution of the
French restoration. In what
ways did it incorporate achievements of the Revolution?
- Who, in the months after Napoleon's final defeat
at Waterloo, carried out a White
Terror
against former revolutionaries and supporters of the deposed
emperor? Why?
- Who were the ultraroyalists? How did the government of Louis XVIII
respond to the
assassination of the king's nephew and son of the Count of Artois - the Duke of Berri - in
February, 1820?
PEOPLE:
Klemens von Metternich King
Frederick William III Karl Ludwig Sand
Lord Liverpool King Louis XVII King Louis XVIII
Count of Artois Charles Ferdinand
de Bourbon
(King
Charles X in 1824) (Duc
de Berri)
IMAGES:
The
Execution of Karl Ludwig Sand, 20 May 1820. (Mannheim, Reiss-Museum)
The Conservative International Order
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan (670-678)
- What was the Concert of Europe? Who participated in it? What were its goals?
- Why did a group of army officers rebel against
the government of Spain's King Ferdinand VII
in 1820? What did this Spanish Revolution of
1820 accomplish? How was the
revolution
ultimately suppressed in 1823?
- What did NOT happen in Spain in 1823 proved to be
as important for the new post-
Napoleonic international order as what did happen. What did NOT happen? How did this
demonstrate that the implementation of the Congress System of the Vienna
settlement was a
resounding success?
- How did Britain's foreign minister, George
Canning, attempt to prevent the politics of
European reaction from being extended to Spain's colonies in Latin
American - and, in the
process, secure British access to Latin American trade?
- What was "the Eastern Question,"
and what were the major concerns of each of the Great
Powers in relation to this question?
- Why did the European Great Powers ultimately
choose to support the cause of
- In what ways did the establishment of an independent Serbia
in 1830 create tensions between
Serbia and its neighbors?
Why did the new Serbian nation-state attract Russia as its formal
protector?
- Describe the many sources of Creole
discontent with Spanish colonial government in Latin
America. Which specific
events in Europe created the imperial political vacuum throughout
Spanish Latin America which provided both the opportunity and the
necessity for action by
Creole leaders?
- Which parts of Latin America were liberated by
JosŽ de San Mart’n and Sim—n Bol’var?
How did they differ in terms of the
form of political structure they supported for a post-
revolution Latin America?
-
Though the Mexican uprising in New
Spain began as a liberal, even radical, movement, why,
in the end, did it come to illustrate
better than in any other region of Latin American the
socially conservative outcome of the
Latin American colonial revolutions?
-
What three factors account for the peaceful transition to independence for
Brazil?
-
Following the Latin American wars for independence, why did Latin American
governments
and businesses look to Britain for
protection, for markets, and for capital investment?
PEOPLE:
King Ferdinand VII George Canning Karadjordje of Serbia
Toussaint L'Ouverture JosŽ de San Mart’n Sim—n Bol’var
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(678-685)
-
In the wake of Napoleon's defeat, how did many Russian military officers come
to develop
liberal reformist sympathies? Describe the organizations which they
formed upon returning
home.
-
Describe the succession crisis which unfolded in Russia following the
unexpected death of
Czar Alexander I in 1825? How did the succession crisis lead to
the failed Decembrist
Revolt
of 1825? What did the Decembrists hope to achieve?
-
Why did Czar Nicholas I consistently oppose reform in Russia, including calls
for the
abolition of serfdom?
-
Describe the Official Nationality program supported by Nicholas I in place of
reform,
identifying the role of each of the three
pillars of the program:
"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and
Nationalism."
-
What events forced
Nicholas I to issue the Organic Statue of February 1832, and how did it
address the status of Poland within the
Russian Empire?
-
How did the beliefs and actions of France's King Charles X, including his issue
of the Four
Ordinances in July 1830, serve to
identify him as an ultraroyalist, conservative monarch?
-
Why did the laboring populace of Paris rise in rebellion against the monarchy
of Charles X
in the July Revolution of 1830? What were the results of this
uprising? How had the goals of
the middle and working classes been
different during this revolution?
-
In what ways was the "July
Monarchy" of King Louis Philippe more liberal than the
restoration of government of the
Bourbons?
-
In what ways did the Revolution of 1830 prove to be socially conservative? Why did this
social conservatism lead to continued
turmoil in France, including the "July Days" in Paris in
1832 - the uprising written about by
Victor Hugo in his novel Les
Miserables?
-
Why did the Belgian (southern) provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rise
in rebellion
against Dutch rule? Why did the Great Powers of the Concert
of Europe choose not to
intervene to reverse the Belgian revolution? What did the Convention of 1839
guarantee?
-
In Great Britain, what three factors contributed to the spirit of accommodation
between the
forces of conservatism and liberalism?
-
Why, in 1800, was Parliament persuaded to pass the Act of Union between
Ireland and
England? What limitation did the Act place on the political rights of
Irish Catholics?
-
How did the Irish nationalist Catholic Association, under the leadership of
Daniel O'Connell,
persuade Parliament to enact the Catholic Emancipation
Act of 1829? What rights did the
Act grant to Irish Catholics?
-
Why did Parliament agree to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act? Why did its passing
alienate many Tory supporters of Wellington's
government, and how did it ultimately speed up
the movement for Parliamentary reform?
-
What were the two broad goals for Parliamentary reform of the Whig ministry of
Earl Grey?
In what ways did the Great Reform Act (Bill) of
1832 reform British politics?
In what ways
were the gains achieved by the Act, in
reality, tempered? Why was the
Act, overall, a great
success?
PEOPLE:
Czar Nicholas I King Charles X King Louis
Philippe
King
William IV Daniel O'Connell Charles Grey,
2nd Earl Grey
IMAGES:
+ 
+ 
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England Scotland Ireland United
Kingdom
Classical Economics
WH9H Unit III PowerPoint
Slides
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus
Principles of Political Economy by David Ricardo
*Fragment on Government by Jeremy Bentham
*The Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(704-705)
- What did the classical economists
believe a policy of laissez-faire
would achieve? What
economic roles for government were they willing to accept?
- What was the basic thesis of Malthus' Essay on
the Principle of Population? How,
did
propose, might disaster be avoided?
- Describe Ricardo's theory of the Iron Law of Wages. How would it support both employers'
reluctance to raise wages and governments' opposition to labor unions?
- How did the theories of Classical Economics
influence the social and economic policies of
France's "July Monarchy" of King Louis Philippe?
- Describe the basic principle behind Bentham's
theory of Utilitarianism. In what ways, did he
propose, would the application of the principle of utility benefit the
administration of
government in Europe?
- How did the Poor
Law of 1834, and the Poor Law Commission that it created, attempt "to
make
poverty the most undesirable of all social situations?"
- What was the purpose of Britain's Corn Laws? Why did the Anti-Corn Law League
actively
seek
their repeal? Why did the ministry
of Robert Peel actually decide to repeal the Corn
Laws
in 1846?
PEOPLE:
Adam Smith Thomas Malthus David Ricardo
Socialism
LITERATURE (* Not in Flash-Cards)
*The Organization of Labor by Louis Blanc
*What is Property? by Pierre Joseph Proudhon
*The Conditions of the Working Class in England by Friedrich Engels
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Das Capital
by Karl Marx
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(705-710)
- How did 19th century socialists view the
Industrial Revolution in general?
How did they
perceive the capitalist order of industrialism?
- Why were the Utopian Socialists
considered "utopian?"
Why were they considered to be
"socialists?"
- Describe the manner by which Saint-Simon believed
that modern society should be managed.
What
was to be the end result of this system of rational management?
- How were the utopian ideal of Robert Owen shaped
by the Enlightenment? What were
the
names
of the utopian communities he founded in Scotland and Indiana?
- In what ways was Fourier's socialist idealism
similar to that of Owen? In what
ways were
they
different?
- How and why did Louis Blanc attempt to use
political reform in an effort to bring about a
transformation of Industrial Age society?
- What did Auguste Blanqui's vision of anarchism hope to achieve
through violence and
terrorism?
- How would the anarchist program of Pierre Joseph
Proudhon - known as mutualism
- make
the
state unnecessary?
- How did 19th century Marxism differ from competing
socialist theories?
- Why did Marx, Engels and the Communist League
choose to distinguish themselves as
"communist" rather than "socialist?"
- What ideas of Marx and Engels were derived from
the theories of German Hegelianism,
from
French socialism, and from British classical economics?
- According to Marx and Engels, what is
history? Throughout history, what
has been the chief
cause
of class conflict? How was this
class conflict simplified and sharpened by the Industrial
Revolution?
- Why, according to Marx and Engels, would the
workers begin to foment revolution?
Once
the
revolution came, how would society be organized? Why was the proletarian revolution
inevitable?
- In what one major way did the class conflict
involved in the contemporary production process
differ from that of the past?
- Why did Marx and Engels believe that, in the wake
of the proletarian revolution, the
victorious proletariat, by its very nature, could not be a new oppressor
class? What would be
the
ultimate result of the proletarian victory?
- Why did a Marxist proletarian revolution fail to
materialize in Europe during the 19th
century?
PEOPLE:
Claude
Henri de Saint-Simon Robert Owen Charles Fourier
Louis Blanc Louis Auguste Blanqui Pierre Joseph Proudhon
1848: A Year of
Liberal and Nationalist Revolutions
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Kagan
(780-793)
- Create a list of the many conditions which
contributed to the outbreak of revolutions across
the
European continent in 1848.
- Why were European liberals the most dynamic force
for change in 1848? Why did
liberals
ultimately
seek an alliance with the working classes? How did the goals and tactics of the
working-class differ from those of the liberals? What did their alliance achieve?
- What was typically the common goal of the
European national groups who rose in rebellion
in
the Eastern European empires?
- In general terms, what were the results of the
revolutions of 1848? Why did the
liberal
movement come to find itself isolated from the working-classes? How did this isolation
ultimately doom the liberal movement?
FRANCE
- By 1848, what grievances had brought French
middle-class liberals and the working-class
together in opposition to the regime of Louis-Philippe?
- If the revolution which forced Louis-Philippe to abdicate
was largely liberal in its outlook,
why
was the new National Assembly of the Second Republic -
elected in April of 1848 -
dominated by moderates and conservatives?
- Why did French voters turn to Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte in the presidential election of
December, 1848? Why, by
1852, had he abandoned the republic and seized power as
emperor?
- Describe the demands of the radical women's
groups - such as the Vesuvians - that emerged
in
France in the wake of the Revolution of 1848. How did they use the social function of the
maternal role for women as a means to raise the importance of women in
society? Why did
the
French feminist movement of 1848 ultimately fail?
THE HABSBURG EMPIRE
- What were the demands of the Magyar nationalist
Louis Kossuth? How did the
Austrian
and
Hungarian governments respond to the Kossuth inspired Vienna Uprising of 1848?
- What liberal rights were guaranteed to the Magyar
people when the Hungarian Diet passed
the
March Laws of 1848? Why did
Emperor Ferdinand approve the Diet's actions?
- Why were non-Hungarian ethnic groups within the
Habsburg Empire resistant to Hungarian
attempts to annex the empire's eastern territories? Why did they fear magyarization?
- Which ethnic groups attended the first Pan-Slavic Congress in
Prague in 1848? What
demands were made in the manifesto produced by the congress? What vision did the
manifesto create for the future of Europe's Slavic nations? What
happened after the congress?
- In the end, how was the imperial Habsburg government
able to crush, and ultimately survive,
the
challenges to its rule presented by the Hungarian, Czech, and northern Italian
rebellions
of
1848?
ITALY
- Why was Austria's victory in the
Piedmont-Austrian war of 1848 a great disappointment to
Italian nationalists? Who
did they turn to next, and why?
- What were the goals of the Roman
Republic which was proclaimed in February of 1849?
For
what two reasons did the French intervene to crush the Roman Republic?
- Why did the events surrounding the rise and fall
of the Roman Republic lead Pope Pius IX to
renounce his previous liberalism and become one of the most conservative
leaders in Europe?
GERMANY
- What concessions did popular disturbances in
Berlin in 1848 force King Frederick William
IV to
concede? Why, by the following
year, had the king reneged on many of his promises?
- What were the goals of the Frankfurt Parliament
of 1848? In what ways did the
liberal
character of the parliament alienate both German conservatives and the
German working-
class?
- Two different proposals for German unification
were debated by the Frankfurt Parliament:
a
"large German," or grossdeutsch solution, and a "small
German," or kleindeutsch solution.
Describe each of the two proposals. Which one was ultimately favored, and why?
- Why did Prussian King Frederick William IV reject
the crown of a united Germany that was
offered him by the Frankfurt Parliament in March, 1849? How did his rejection of
unification dramatically weaken the liberal movement within the German
states?
PEOPLE:
Alphonse de Lamartine Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Louis Kossuth
(Emperor
Napoleon III)
Emperor Ferdinand I Francis Palacky General Alfred
Windischgraetz
King Charles Albert Emperor Franz Josef Pope Pius IX
Giuseppe
Mazzini King Victor Emmanuel II King
Frederick William IV